Clauses of Reason
- a. These are introduced by because, as, since & for:
We stopped there because it was too dark to continue
As it was too dark we had to stop there
Since you always do as you please, there’s no point in asking you
- b. So & therefore can combine sentences:
It was too dark so we stopped there
The government believed it was too dark therefore everybody had to stop there
- c. For & Because
For can have nearly the same meaning as because. But be careful, because for can never explain why things happen, it can only give additional information to explain it better.
Why did you do it? I did it because I was angry
The days were shorter, for it was December
He was very tired, for he hadn’t slept in two days
- 5. Rank this items according to the instructions and explain why you prioritize them like that:
- Things I’d take to a desert island:
- a book
- a friend/relative
- a pig
- Happiness is based on:
- Love
- Health
- Money
- Children’s education should stress:
- Religion & civic education
- Science and technology
- History and economy
- Which is society’s biggest threat:
- Terrorism and wars
- Unemployment & migration
- Corruption and politics
- To avert climate change our priority should be:
- Recycling
- Clean energy
- Cap emissions
- 6. Speak up! State your case. Do you agree or disagree with the statements below? Give reasons why.
- Parents should be allowed to discipline their children as they see fit, including physical punishment.
- Science should be a building block in children’s education.
- Airports should be allowed to do all in their power to prevent potential terrorists to enter our country.
- People should be allowed to marry regardless race, gender, sexual orientation, wealth, religion and others.
- We should already stop cutting down our forests and build partnerships with other nations to achieve a global ban.
- Before space exploration blasts off, we should all agree on its legal colonization & exploitation terms.
- Politicians’ lives should be publicly discussed and the audience should be granted information of their financial activities.
- Nations should be allowed to declare war and settle their disputes without the international community intervening.
- We should always try our best to have immigrants & refugees feel welcome to our nation.
- 7. It’s turncloack time!
You have two minutes to argue one side of each resolution. When you hear «SWITCH,» you will have two minutes to argue the opposite side of the resolution.
Then move on to the next one.
- The Olympics are a waste of money
- It is better to be single than married
- Women should stop working when they get married and have babies
- Homework should be banned
- 8. Clauses of Purpose
- a. So as & in order to
So as
So as not
In order to
Whenever I come home late I try to be very quiet so as my father doesn’t wake up
I came in quietly yesterday so as not to wake my father
In order to prevent my father from waking up, I came in quietly
I came in quietly in order to prevent my father from waking up
He went to Paris in order to close a deal
He went to Amsterdam to close a deal
- b. So that + will/would be able to or can/could
If we omit that, we lose the idea of purpose.
- c. In case & lest
In case
Lest
In case + subject + verb
In case + present = “because this may happen”
In case + past = “because this might happen”